Diferencias en la evolución del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en España en el periodo 2011-2019 por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico: resultados del estudio ALADINO / Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: Results of the ALADINO study

Introducción: El exceso de peso infantil es un problema de salud pública creciente. El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso, de obesidad y de obesidad central en escolares de 6 a 9años en España entre 2011 y 2019 según características demográficas y socioeconómicas.MetodologíaSe incluyeron las rondas 2011, 2015 y 2019 del estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal ALADINO en escolares de ambos sexos de 6 a 9años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y de obesidad según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), así como obesidad central, y las variables demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas.ResultadosEntre 2011 y 2019 se redujo la prevalencia de sobrepeso (criterios OMS) en niños de 6, 7 y 8años (−5,4, −5,7 y −5,3 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente) y niños cuyos progenitores tenían estudios superiores (−5,3 puntos porcentuales). Por renta, el sobrepeso en niños se redujo en todos los niveles de ingresos. Sin embargo, entre 2011 y 2019 se mantuvieron estables tanto la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niñas como la prevalencia de obesidad según las referencias OMS e IOTF y la de obesidad central en ambos sexos.ConclusionesLas prevalencias de sobrepeso y de obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9años en España siguen siendo altas. Entre 2011 y 2019 disminuyó la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niños de 6 a 8años y aquellos cuyos progenitores tienen estudios universitarios, mientras que la obesidad en niños, el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niñas, y la obesidad central en ambos sexos han permanecido estables. (AU)

Introduction: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.MethodologyThe analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6 to 9years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Obesity Task Force [IOTF]) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8years (by −5.4%, −5.7% and −5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by −5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6 to 8years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable. (AU)

RISKY BEHAVIORS AMONG SCHOOL-AGED ADOLESCENTS AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH / CONDUCTAS DE RIESGO ENTRE ADOLESCENTES EN EDAD ESCOLAR Y DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA SALUD / COMPORTAMENTOS DE RISCO ENTRE ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES E DETERMINANTES SOCIAIS DA SAÚDE

This study aimed to identify the association between the occurrence of risk behaviors among school adolescents and the Social Determinants of Health of both the students and their families. This is a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, carried out with adolescents enrolled in elementary school (final years) and high school, in public schools in the metropolitan region and the agrestic region of Pernambuco, between June and August 2023. Two instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire prepared by the researchers and the Risk Behavior Index. The data was analyzed using Epi info and SPSS software. The results revealed that aspects such as age, gender, religion, marital status, physical activity and family structure were related to the behaviors assessed and could act as risk or protective factors. When considering ways of conducting actions to protect, prevent and mitigate risk behaviors among school adolescents, it is imperative to include the involvement of health and education professionals in the development of strategies that facilitate the development of dialogical spaces. It is also important to encourage responsible protagonism and active participation by adolescents in making decisions about their lives and health.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la asociación entre la ocurrencia de comportamientos de riesgo entre adolescentes escolares y los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud tanto de los alumnos como de sus familias. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, correlacional, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado entre adolescentes matriculados en la enseñanza fundamental (años finales) y secundaria en escuelas públicas de las regiones metropolitana y agreste de Pernambuco, entre junio y agosto de 2023. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: un cuestionario sociodemográfico elaborado por los investigadores y el Índice de Comportamiento de Riesgo. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando los softwares Epi info y SPSS. Los resultados mostraron que aspectos como la edad, el sexo, la religión, el estado civil, la actividad física y la estructura familiar estaban relacionados con los comportamientos evaluados y podían actuar como factores de riesgo o de protección. Al pensar en formas de conducir acciones para proteger, prevenir y mitigar las conductas de riesgo entre los adolescentes escolarizados, es fundamental considerar la participación de los profesionales de la salud y de la educación en el desarrollo de estrategias que faciliten la construcción de espacios dialógicos. También es importante fomentar el protagonismo responsable y la participación activa de los adolescentes en la toma de decisiones sobre sus vidas y su salud.

Este estudo objetivou identificar a associação entre a ocorrência de comportamentos de risco entre adolescentes escolares e os Determinantes Sociais de Saúde tanto dos estudantes quanto de suas famílias. Trata-se de um uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional, de delineamento transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada ao público de adolescentes matriculados no Ensino Fundamental II e Médio, em escolas públicas da região metropolitana e do agreste de Pernambuco, durante o período de junho a agosto de 2023. Foram aplicados 2 instrumentos: um questionário sociodemográfico elaborado pelos pesquisadores e o Índice de Comportamentos de Risco. Os dados foram analisados com suporte dos softwares Epi info e SPSS. Os resultados evidenciaram que aspectos como idade, gênero, religião, estado civil dos adolescentes, prática de atividades físicas e estrutura familiar obtiveram relações com os comportamentos avaliados, podendo agir como fatores de risco ou protetivos. Ao pensar formas de conduzir ações de proteção, prevenção e mitigação de comportamentos de risco entre adolescentes escolares, é crucial considerar o envolvimento de profissionais da saúde e da educação no desenvolvimento de estratégias que facilitem a criação de espaços dialógicos. Ademais, o estímulo ao protagonismo responsável e participação ativa dos adolescentes na tomada de decisões relacionadas às suas vidas e saúde.

Association between socioeconomic status and hospitalisation requirement in older patients attended at the emergency department: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: A low socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with poor health results. The present study aimed to investigate if SES of older patients attending the emergency department is associated with the use of healthcare resources and outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective study including consecutive patients 65 years or older admitted to the emergency department. Variables at baseline, index episode, and follow-up were recorded. SES was measured using an indirect theoretical index and patients were categorised into two groups according to whether they lived in a neighbourhood with a low or high SES. Primary outcomes included hospitalisation after the emergency department visit and prolonged hospitalisation (>7 days) at index episode. Secondary outcomes included emergency department re-consultant and hospital admission in the following 3 months after the index episode, and all-cause mortality after long-term follow-up. Logistic regression and cumulative hazards regression models were used to investigate associations between SES and outcomes. RESULTS: The cohort included 553 patients (80 years [73-85], 50.5% female, 55.9% with low SES). After the emergency department visit, 234 patients (42.3%) required hospital admission. A low SES was inversely associated with hospitalisation with an adjusted odds ratio=0.654 (95% CI 0.441-0.970). Among hospitalised patients, a low SES was associated with prolonged hospitalisation (adjusted odds ratio=2.739; 95% CI 1.470-5.104). Follow-up outcomes, including all-cause mortality, were not associated with SES. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients living in more deprived urban areas were hospitalised less often after emergency department care, but hospital stays were longer. Understanding the effect of social determinants in healthcare use is mandatory to tailor resources to patient needs.

Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: results of the ALADINO study.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODOLOGY: The analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6-9 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8 years (by -5.4%, -5.7% and -5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by -5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6-8 years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable.

Vulnerabilidade social no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: uma discussão bioética / Social vulnerability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a bioethical discussion / Vulnerabilidad social en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19: una discusión bioética

Objetivo: analisar, sob um olhar bioético, a vulnerabilidade social referente à saúde durante o contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: foram incluídas publicações de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2020, revisadas por pares, identificadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e LILACS. Foram utilizados para realizar a busca na base Pubmed o termo MESH "COVID-19" conjugado com os termos: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Os descritores DECS equivalentes em português e em espanhol dos termos MESH foram utilizados na busca nas outras duas bases. Resultados: de um total de 132 artigos, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram identificados 21 artigos elegíveis. Os temas mais abordados na amostra foram: vulnerabilidades referentes a pessoas idosas, raça, minorias étnicas, condições socioeconômicas precárias, gênero feminino, pessoas com deficiência e condições crônicas de saúde. Observou-se artigos abordando mais de uma temática, integrando aspectos diversos de populações vulneráveis. Com base nos dados encontrados foram feitas análise e discussão com foco em vulnerabilidade como conceito bioético, além de conexões com discriminação e determinação social da saúde. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a violação de direitos explicitados na Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos. Ao aumentar a disparidade da morbimortalidade por COVID-19 de grupos populacionais já impactados pela determinação social da saúde, constata-se uma violação do direito à saúde, indicando que governos e sociedades falham em respeitar a vulnerabilidade de grupos sociais no contexto pandêmico.

Objective: to analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: "COVID-19" conjugated with the terms: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context.

Objetivo: analizar desde un punto de vista bioético, la vulnerabilidad social relacionada con la salud durante el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Metodología: se incluyeron publicaciones revisadas por pares del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2020, identificadas en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizó el término MESH "COVID-19" para buscar en la base de datos Pubmed junto con los términos: "población vulnerable", "grupos de población", "determinantes sociales de la salud", "equidad en salud". Los descriptores DECS equivalentes en portugués y español de los términos MESH fueron utilizados en la búsqueda en las otras bases.Resultados: de un total de 132 artículos, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se identificaron 21 artículos. Los temas más discutidos fueron: vulnerabilidades relacionadas con los adultos mayores, raza (énfasis en personas negras), minorías étnicas, condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, género femenino, personas con discapacidad y condiciones crónicas de salud. Se observaron artículos que abordaban más de un tema, integrando diferentes aspectos de las poblaciones vulnerables. A partir de los datos encontrados, se realizó análisis y discusión con foco en la vulnerabilidad como concepto bioético, así como las conexiones con la discriminación y la determinación social de la salud. Conclusión: los resultados apuntan a la violación de los derechos explícitos en la Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos. Al aumentar la disparidad en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19 de grupos poblacionales ya impactados por la determinación social de la salud, se vulnera el derecho a la salud, indicando que los gobiernos y las sociedades no respetan la vulnerabilidad de los grupos sociales ante la pandemia.

Los determinantes sociales de la salud y su influencia en la prevalencia y pronóstico de la EPOC: una revisión exploratoria / Social determinants of health that impact COPD prevalence and prognosis: a scoping review

Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión es estudiar el efecto que los determinantes sociales de la salud tienen sobre la prevalencia y pronóstico de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Métodos: se ha hecho una revisión exploratoria (scoping review) de los artículos publicados entre 2013 y 2023, y una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed. Se encontraron 31 artículos que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: niveles educativos precarios, así como bajos ingresos económicos se relacionan con un aumento en el riesgo de EPOC, con incrementos del 44,9% y el 22,9% de los casos respectivamente. La dedicación a ciertos oficios, como la agricultura o los servicios de restauración, también aumenta la prevalencia de esta enfermedad y su impacto sobre la mortalidad. La soltería o viudez, el desempleo y vivir en áreas rurales con alta contaminación atmosférica son factores que se asocian a más hospitalizaciones, síntomas graves, menor productividad y mayor mortalidad. Las desigualdades sociales afectan el acceso a la atención médica y la adherencia al tratamiento. La EPOC es más común en hombres y en personas mayores, aunque algunos estudios muestran mayor riesgo en mujeres debido a su dedicación a las tareas domésticas y su exposición a sustancias contaminantes. Conclusiones: determinantes sociales de la salud como el bajo nivel socioeconómico, la ocupación laboral, la contaminación doméstica o ambiental, el estado civil, lugar de residencia o dificultad de acceso al sistema sanitario actúan como factores de riesgo de la EPOC e influyen desfavorablemente sobre ella.(AU)

Aim: the objective of this review is to study the impact of social determinants of health on the prevalence and prognosis of COPD.Methods: an exploratory scoping review of papers published between 2013 and 2023 was performed. A bibliographic search was conducted on pubmed, yielding 31 papers that met the inclusion criteria.Results: low educational levels and low incomes are linked to an increased risk of COPD with increments of 44.9% and 22.9% of cases respectively. Involvement in certain occupations such as agriculture or food services also increases the prevalence of the disease and its impact on mortality. Being single or widowhood, unemployment, and living in rural areas with high air pollution are associated with more hospitalizations, severe symptoms, reduced productivity and higher mortality. Social inequalities impact access to medical care and treatment adherence. COPD is more common in men and the elderly, although some studies reveal a higher risk in women due to household chores and exposure to pollutants.Conclusions: social determinants of health such as low socio-economic status, occupational status, household or environmental pollution, marital status, place of residence or difficulty accessing the healthcare system act as risk factors for COPD and have an unfavourable impact on this.(AU)

[Digital literacy as a key element in the digital transformation of health organizations]. / La alfabetización digital como elemento clave en la transformación digital de las organizaciones en salud.

In the last years, the digital transformation, has become a reality influencing organizational processes and advancing services for users. This transformation must align with WHO guidelines, addressing the needs of individuals globally and acknowledging Social Determinants of Health and emerging Digital Determinants of Health and the digital divide thas has been created. To accomplish this, the appropriate legislation and infrastructures are required. Correspondingly technology enables enhanced self-care and increased participation in decision-making across various levels, consequently, addressing the digital divide must not be an exception, and needs to include citizens, communities, entities, and professionals to work on how to diminish it and solve it. As a result of this national and supranational campaigns should formulate unified plans and strategies, that include training requirements and establishing programs for both professionals and users, highlighting the significance of incorporating digital knowledge on both groups.

Posttraumatic stress and depression symptom classes in parents of trauma-exposed children: a transdiagnostic perspective using pooled individual participant data.

Background: In the aftermath of child trauma, post-traumatic stress (PTS) and depression symptoms often co-occur among trauma exposed children and their parents. Studies have used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine PTS and depression symptoms and identify homogeneous subgroups among trauma exposed children. However, little is known about subgroups or classes of PTS and depression reactions of parents of traumatised children.Objectives: (1) Determine PTS and depression symptom classes at 2-9 months post-trauma, and (2) to examine sociodemographic covariates among parents of trauma exposed children.Methods: Using harmonised individual participant data (n = 702) from eight studies (Australia, UK, US) included in the Prospective studies of Acute Child Trauma and Recovery Data Archive (PACT/R), we modelled these phenomena at the symptom level using LCA.Results: Our LCA yielded three solutions: 'high internalizing symptom' class (11%); 'low PTS-high depression' class (17%); and 'low internalizing symptom' class (72%). Parents of children in the 'low PTS-high depression' class were more likely to have children of older age and be part of an ethnic minority, compared to the 'low internalizing symptoms' class. Mothers were more likely to be in the 'high internalizing symptom' class compared to the 'low internalizing symptoms' class.Conclusions: These findings reveal a qualitative structure and relationship between depression and PTS symptoms that highlights the importance of assessing and targeting a broad range of internalising symptoms in post-trauma psychological treatment.

Using harmonised individual participant data from eight studies included in the Prospective studies of Acute Child Trauma and Recovery (PACT/R) Data Archive we identified three distinct classes of parental internalising reactions using Latent Class Analysis.Mothers, family ethnic minority status, and children of older age were associated with distinct classes of problematic symptoms.The findings from the present study highlight the need for assessing and targeting a broad range of internalising symptoms after trauma, and that mothers, parents of older children and families with ethnic minority status might be at risk for elevated symptoms.

Neonatal mortality in countries of the Americas, 2000-2020: trends, inequalities, and target-setting / Mortalidad neonatal en los países de la Región de las Américas, 2000-2020: tendencias, desigualdades y establecimiento de metas / Mortalidade neonatal nos países das Américas, 2000-2020: tendências, desigualdades e definição de metas

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze temporal trends and inequalities in neonatal mortality between 2000 and 2020, and to set neonatal mortality targets for 2025 and 2030 in the Americas. Methods. A descriptive ecological study was conducted using 33 countries of the Americas as units of analysis. Both the percentage change and average annual percentage change in neonatal mortality rates were estimated. Measurements of absolute and relative inequality based on adjusted regression models were used to assess cross-country social inequalities in neonatal mortality. Targets to reduce neonatal mortality and cross-country inequalities were set for 2025 and 2030. Results. The estimated regional neonatal mortality rate was 12.0 per 1 000 live births in 2000-2004 and 7.4 per 1 000 live births in 2020, representing a percentage change of -38.3% and an average annual percentage change of -2.7%. National average annual percentage changes in neonatal mortality rates between 2000-2004 and 2020 ranged from -5.5 to 1.9 and were mostly negative. The estimated excess neonatal mortality in the 20% most socially disadvantaged countries, compared with the 20% least socially disadvantaged countries, was 17.1 and 9.8 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2000-2004 and 2020, respectively. Based on an extrapolation of recent trends, the regional neonatal mortality rate is projected to reach 7.0 and 6.6 neonatal deaths per 1 000 live births by 2025 and 2030, respectively. Conclusions. National and regional health authorities need to strengthen their efforts to reduce persistent social inequalities in neonatal mortality both within and between countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar las desigualdades en la mortalidad neonatal y las tendencias en el transcurso del tiempo entre el 2000 y el 2020, y establecer metas en materia de mortalidad neonatal para el 2025 y el 2030 en la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico descriptivo con información de 33 países de la Región de las Américas que se usaron como unidades de análisis. Se calculó tanto la variación porcentual como la variación porcentual anual media de las tasas de mortalidad neonatal. Se utilizaron mediciones de la desigualdad absoluta y relativa basadas en modelos de regresión ajustados, para evaluar las desigualdades sociales en los diversos países en cuanto a la mortalidad neonatal. Se establecieron metas de reducción de la mortalidad neonatal y de las desigualdades en los diversos países para el 2025 y el 2030. Resultados. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal en la Región fue de 12,0 por 1 000 nacidos vivos en el período 2000-2004 y de 7,4 por 1 000 nacidos vivos en el 2020, lo que representa una variación porcentual del -38,3% y una variación porcentual anual media del -2,7%. Las variaciones porcentuales anuales medias de las tasas de mortalidad neonatal a nivel nacional entre el período 2000-2004 y el 2020 oscilaron entre -5,5 y 1,9, y fueron en su mayor parte negativas. El exceso de mortalidad neonatal estimado en el 20% de los países más desfavorecidos socialmente, en comparación con el 20% de los países menos desfavorecidos socialmente, fue de 17,1 muertes por 1 000 nacidos vivos en el período 2000-2004 y de 9,8 muertes por 1 000 nacidos vivos en el 2020. Al extrapolar las tendencias más recientes, se prevé que la tasa de mortalidad neonatal de la Región alcance valores de 7,0 y 6,6 muertes neonatales por 1 000 nacidos vivos en el 2025 y el 2030, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las autoridades de salud nacionales y regionales deben fortalecer las medidas para reducir las desigualdades sociales que aún persisten en materia de mortalidad neonatal, tanto entre los distintos países como dentro de cada país.

RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar as tendências temporais e desigualdades em mortalidade neonatal entre 2000 e 2020 e estabelecer metas de mortalidade neonatal para 2025 e 2030 na Região das Américas. Métodos. Estudo ecológico descritivo examinando 33 países das Américas como unidades de análise. Foram estimadas a variação percentual e a variação percentual anual média das taxas de mortalidade neonatal. Foram usadas medidas de desigualdade absoluta e relativa baseadas em modelos de regressão ajustados para avaliar desigualdades sociais entre países em termos de mortalidade neonatal. Foram definidas metas de redução da mortalidade neonatal e das desigualdades entre países para 2025 e 2030. Resultados. A taxa regional estimada de mortalidade neonatal foi de 12,0 por mil nascidos vivos em 2000-2004, e de 7,4 por mil nascidos vivos em 2020, representando uma variação percentual de -38,3%, e uma variação percentual anual média de -2,7%. As variações percentuais anuais médias nacionais das taxas de mortalidade neonatal entre 2000-2004 e 2020 variaram entre -5,5 e 1,9 e, em sua maioria, foram negativas. O excesso estimado de mortalidade neonatal nos países que estavam entre os 20% mais desfavorecidos socialmente, em comparação com os países entre os 20% menos desfavorecidos, foi de 17,1 e 9,8 mortes por mil nascidos vivos em 2000-2004 e 2020, respectivamente. Com base em extrapolação das tendências recentes, estima-se que a taxa de mortalidade neonatal regional deve atingir 7,0 e 6,6 mortes neonatais por mil nascidos vivos em 2025 e 2030, respectivamente. Conclusões. As autoridades de saúde nacionais e regionais precisam intensificar seus esforços para reduzir desigualdades sociais persistentes na mortalidade neonatal, tanto dentro dos países quanto entre eles.

Factors related to health literacy among Brazilian adolescents: cross-sectional study / Factores relacionados con la alfabetización en salud de adolescentes brasileños: estudio transversal / Fatores relacionados ao letramento em saúde de adolescentes brasileiros: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical factors with health literacy in Brazilian adolescents. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with 526 adolescents aged 14 to 19. Data were collected virtually between July and September 2021 using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, clinical profile and the Health Literacy Assessment Tool - Portuguese version. The variables were evaluated by multiple linear regression with normal response, with significance p < 0.05. Results: The average age was 16.9 years (±1.6), the average health literacy score was 25.3 (±5.4). Female gender (p = 0.014), university educational level (p = 0.002) and use of medication (p = 0.020) were related to higher levels of health literacy. Adolescents with chronic illnesses had a higher total literacy score, on average 1.51 points, compared to those without chronic illnesses. Conclusion: Male adolescents and those with less education performed worse in health literacy and, therefore, deserve special attention in health promotion actions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre factores sociodemográficos y clínicos con la alfabetización en salud de adolescentes brasileños. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal llevado con 526 adolescentes entre 14 y 19 años. Los datos se recogieron virtualmente entre julio y septiembre de 2021 mediante un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica, de perfil clínico y de la Health Literacy Assessment Tool - versión en portugués. Las variables se sopesaron por regresión linear múltiple con respuesta normal y significación p < 0,05. Resultados: La edad promedio era de 16,9 años (±1,6) y la puntuación media en alfabetización en salud de 25,3 (±5,4). El sexo femenino (p = 0,014), la mayor escolaridad (p = 0,002) y el uso de medicación (p = 0,020) estaban relacionados con niveles más altos de alfabetización en salud. Los adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas obtuvieron una puntuación total de alfabetización más alta, en media, 1,51 puntos, en comparación con los que no padecían dichas enfermedades. Conclusión: Adolescentes del sexo masculino y aquellos con menos escolaridad presentaron un desempeño pobre en la alfabetización en salud y, por esa razón, necesitan atención especial durante las acciones de promoción de la salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos com o letramento em saúde de adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 526 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos. Os dados foram coletados virtualmente entre julho e setembro de 2021 por meio de questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, do perfil clínico e do Health Literacy Assessment Tool - versão em português. As variáveis foram avaliadas por regressão linear múltipla com resposta normal, com significância p < 0,05. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 16,9 anos (±1,6), a pontuação média do letramento em saúde foi de 25,3 (±5,4). Sexo feminino (p = 0,014), maior escolaridade (p = 0,002) e uso de medicamentos (p = 0,020) foram relacionados a maiores níveis de letramento em saúde. Adolescentes com doenças crônicas apresentaram pontuação total do letramento superior, em média 1,51 pontos, comparados aos sem doença crônica. Conclusão: Adolescentes do sexo masculino e os com menor escolaridade apresentaram pior desempenho no letramento em saúde e, por isso, merecem especial atenção nas ações de promoção da saúde.

Social determinants and access to health services in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study / Determinantes sociales y acceso a los servicios sanitarios en pacientes con COVID-19: un estudio transversal / Determinantes sociais e acesso aos serviços de saúde em pacientes com COVID-19: estudo seccional

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. Method: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. Conclusion: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación de los determinantes sociales de la salud con el acceso de los pacientes con COVID-19 a los servicios de salud. Método: Estudio analítico, transversal, realizado en tres estados del Nordeste de Brasil (Ceará, Maranhão y Pernambuco), con 968 pacientes, utilizando cuestionarios con datos sociodemográficos, determinantes y la Herramienta de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria (PCATool), adaptada a la realidad de la COVID-19, con 58 ítems, clasificados en alto (puntuación ≥ 6,6) y bajo (puntuación < 6,6), cuyo valor alto revela mejores estándares de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para analizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) entre los dominios del instrumento y los siguientes determinantes: edad, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, origen, escolaridad, empleo, servicios cercanos al domicilio, primer servicio, ingreso y medio de transporte. Conclusión: El acceso a los servicios de salud de las personas con COVID-19 se asoció a diversos determinantes, entre ellos individuales, comportamentales y sociales, correlacionados con los aspectos estructurales y organizativos de los servicios de salud ofrecidos por los tres estados del nordeste de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação dos determinantes sociais da saúde com o acesso de pacientes com COVID-19 aos serviços de saúde. Método: Estudo analítico, transversal, desenvolvido em três estados do Nordeste brasileiro (Ceará, Maranhão e Pernambuco), com 968 pacientes, utilizando-se de questionários de dados sociodemográficos, determinantes e do Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para realidade da COVID-19, com 58 itens, classificado em alto (escore ≥ 6,6) e baixo (escore < 6,6), cujo valor alto revela melhores padrões de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Para análise comparativa, empregou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre os domínios do instrumento e os seguintes determinantes: idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal, procedência, escolaridade, vínculo empregatício, serviços próximos à residência, primeiro serviço de atendimento, renda e meios de transporte. Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços de saúde de pessoas com COVID-19 esteve associado aos diversos determinantes, sendo estes individuais, comportamentais, sociais, correlacionados aos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais dos serviços de saúde ofertados pelos três estados do Nordeste brasileiro.

Pobreza energética y salud en población gitana y en población general de España / Energy poverty and self-rated health among Roma population and general population in Spain

Objetivo: Cuantificar la pobreza energética en población gitana y población general de España, en 2016, y observar la asociación de este fenómeno con la salud autopercibida, ajustando por los principales determinantes socioeconómicos. Método: La pobreza energética fue definida como la incapacidad económica para mantener el calor dentro del hogar, la presencia de humedad en la vivienda y tener retrasos en el pago de facturas de suministros, con datos de dos encuestas europeas para España en 2016: la Encuesta sobre Ingresos y Condiciones de Vida (EU-SILC) y la Segunda Encuesta sobre Minorías y Discriminación (EU-MIDIS II). Se calcularon modelos de regresión logística jerárquica con la salud autopercibida como variable resultado, ajustando progresivamente por variables demográficas (género y edad), ambientales (temperatura del hogar, humedad y retrasos en las facturas) y socioeconómicas (nivel educativo, estado civil y situación ocupacional). Resultados: El 45% de la población gitana mostró niveles moderados o altos de pobreza energética. La odds ratio (OR) de mala salud autopercibida era mayor en la población gitana (OR: 3,11; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2,59-3,74). No poder mantener una temperatura adecuada en el interior del hogar incrementó considerablemente el riesgo de mala salud (OR: 2,10; IC95%: 1,90-2,32). Tras ajustar por variables demográficas, ambientales y socioeconómicas, no observamos asociación entre población de adscripción y salud autopercibida. Conclusiones: Considerando los principales determinantes sociales, indicadores de pobreza energética incluidos, ser una persona gitana no se asocia con declarar mala salud. Este resultado señala la relevancia de abordar los factores socioeconómicos, la pobreza energética entre ellos, para reducir las desigualdades en salud.(AU)

Objective: To quantify energy poverty in Roma population and in general population in Spain, in 2016, as well as to observe the association of this phenomenon with self-rated health, adjusted according to the main socio-economic determinants. Method: Energy poverty has been defined as the financial inability to keep a home warm, the presence of dampness in the dwelling and falling into arrears in utility bills, using data from two European surveys from Spain in 2016: the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Second Survey on Minorities and Discrimination (EU-MIDIS II). Hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated with self-rated health as the outcome variable, progressively adjusted according to demographic (gender and age), environmental (household temperature, humidity and arrears in utility bills) and socio-economic (level of education, marital status and employment status) variables. Results: Our results show that 45% of the Roma population had moderate or high levels of energy poverty. The odds ratio (OR) of poor self-rated health was higher in the Roma population (OR: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.59–3.74). The inability to maintain an adequate indoor temperature significantly increased the risk of poor health (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.90–2.32). After adjusting according to demographic, environmental and socio-economic variables, no association was observed between the population of ascription and self-rated health. Conclusions: Taking into account the main social determinants, including energy poverty indicators, being Roma is not associated with reporting poor health. This result points to the importance of tackling socio-economic factors, including energy poverty, to reduce health inequalities.(AU)

Determinantes del estado de vacunación infantil: abordando la brecha de equidad en República Dominicana-2019 / Determinants of childhood immunization status: addressing the equity gap in the Dominican Republic­2019

Introducción: Las desigualdades amenazan el progreso del país hacia la equidad y la cobertura de vacunación infantil. Siendo la cobertura inferior a la meta del 90% de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivo: Identificar los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades en el estado de vacunación infantil en República Dominicana, 2019. Métodos: Se realiza un análisis basado en la Encuesta de Indicadores Múltiples por Conglomerados. Incluyendo una muestra ponderada de 1674 niños de 12-23 meses. Se calcula la regresión logística multinomial para identificar factores asociados a la vacunación. Adoptando p<0,05 para significación estadística. Utilizando una razón de probabilidades ajustada con intervalo de confianza del 95%. Empleando HEAT 4.0 para medir desigualdades y SPSS.23 para gestión y análisis de datos. Resultados: La edad media de los niños fue 17,4±3,5 meses. El 33% de ellos estaban completamente vacunados. La cobertura fue significativamente menor entre hijos de madre sin educación [AOR= 7,27; IC95%= 2,98­17,74]. La mayor cobertura se concentra en niños con altos niveles de educación y riqueza. Conclusión: Para lograr una cobertura de vacunación completa y equitativa, las intervenciones de salud pública deben diseñarse para satisfacer las necesidades de grupos de alto riesgo.

Introduction: In the Dominican Republic, inequalities threaten progress towards childhood vaccination equity and coverage, the latter being inferior to the World Health Organization's 90% goal. Objective: Identify the social determinants and inequalities in the state of childhood vaccination in the Dominican Republic, 2019. Methods: An analysis based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys is conducted. Including a weighted sample of 1674 children aged 12-23 months. The multinomial logistic regression is calculated to identify factors associated with vaccination. Using p<0,05 for statistical significance and an adjusted probability ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Employing HEAT 4.0 to measure inequalities and SPSS.23 for data management and analysis. Results: The children's mean age was 17,4±3,5 months. 33% of them were completely vaccinated. Coverage was significantly lower in children of mothers without education [AOR= 7,27; CI95%= 2,98­17,74]. Coverage was the highest in kids with high levels of education and wealth. Conclusion: To achieve complete and equitable vaccine coverage, public health interventions should be designed to satisfy the needs of high-risk groups.

[Energy poverty and self-rated health among Roma population and general population in Spain]. / Pobreza energética y salud en población gitana y en población general de España.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify energy poverty in Roma population and in general population in Spain, in 2016, as well as to observe the association of this phenomenon with self-rated health, adjusted according to the main socio-economic determinants. METHOD: Energy poverty has been defined as the financial inability to keep a home warm, the presence of dampness in the dwelling and falling into arrears in utility bills, using data from two European surveys from Spain in 2016: the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Second Survey on Minorities and Discrimination (EU-MIDIS II). Hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated with self-rated health as the outcome variable, progressively adjusted according to demographic (gender and age), environmental (household temperature, humidity and arrears in utility bills) and socio-economic (level of education, marital status and employment status) variables. RESULTS: Our results show that 45% of the Roma population had moderate or high levels of energy poverty. The odds ratio (OR) of poor self-rated health was higher in the Roma population (OR: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.59-3.74). The inability to maintain an adequate indoor temperature significantly increased the risk of poor health (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.90-2.32). After adjusting according to demographic, environmental and socio-economic variables, no association was observed between the population of ascription and self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the main social determinants, including energy poverty indicators, being Roma is not associated with reporting poor health. This result points to the importance of tackling socio-economic factors, including energy poverty, to reduce health inequalities.

Self-perception of mental health, COVID-19 and associated sociodemographic-contextual factors in Latin America / Autopercepción de la salud mental, COVID-19 y factores sociodemográficos y contextuales asociados en Latinoamérica / Autopercepção da saúde mental, COVID-19 e fatores sociodemográficos e contextuais associados na América Latina

Abstract This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of alterations in self-perceived mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associated factors in four Latin American countries. This is a cross-sectional study based on data collected from adults in 2021 through the Collaborative Response COVID-19 Survey by the MacDonnell Academy at Washington University in St. Louis (United States). The sample was composed of 8,125 individuals from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Chile. A generalized linear model for a binary outcome variable with a logistic link and fixed country effects was used. There were 2,336 (28.75%) individuals who considered having suffered alterations in self-perceived mental health. Unemployed individuals (OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.24-1.58), those with bad/regular quality of life (OR = 5.03; 95%CI: 4.01-6.31), and those with high socioeconomic status (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.41-1.96) had a higher risk of self-perceived mental health alterations than those with full-time employment, excellent quality, and low socioeconomic status. According to the fixed-effects model, Brazilians living in the country during the pandemic, who disagreed with their government's decisions (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) and lacked trust in their government (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) had a higher risk of having self-perceived mental health alterations. Nearly 30% of respondents indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic altered their self-perceived mental health. This outcome was associated with political, sociodemographic, and health risk factors. These findings should help policymakers develop post-pandemic community interventions.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia de alteraciones en la autopercepción de la salud mental durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus factores asociados en cuatro países de América Latina. Este es un estudio transversal de datos recopilados de adultos en el 2021 por medio de la investigación Respuesta Colaborativa a COVID-19 de la Academia McDonnell en la Universidad Washington en St. Louis (Estados Unidos). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 8.125 personas de Brasil, Colombia, México y Chile. El estudio utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado para una variable de desenlace binario con un enlace logístico y efectos fijos por país. En total, 2.336 (28,75%) personas consideraron que habían sufrido alteraciones en la autopercepción de la salud mental. Los desempleados (OR = 1,40; IC95%: 1,24-1,58), aquellos con calidad de vida mala/regular (OR = 5,03; IC95%: 4,01-6,31) y aquellos con alto nivel socioeconómico (OR = 1,66; IC95%: 1,41-1,96) presentaron mayor riesgo de alteraciones en la autopercepción de la salud mental que aquellos con empleo a tiempo completo, excelente calidad y bajo nivel socioeconómico. Según el modelo de efectos fijos, los brasileños que vivían en el país durante la pandemia y que no estuvieron de acuerdo con las decisiones del gobierno (OR = 2,05; IC95%: 1,74-2,42) y no confiaban en su gobierno (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,74-2,42) presentaron mayor riesgo de alteraciones en la autopercepción de la salud mental. Casi el 30% de los encuestados indicaron que la pandemia de COVID-19 alteró su autopercepción de la salud mental. Este desenlace se asoció con factores políticos, sociodemográficos y de riesgo a la salud. Estos hallazgos deben ayudar a los formuladores de políticas a desarrollar intervenciones comunitarias pospandémicas.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de alterações na autopercepção de saúde mental durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e seus fatores associados em quatro países da América Latina. Este é um estudo transversal de dados coletados de adultos em 2021 por meio da pesquisa Resposta Colaborativa à COVID-19 da Academia McDonnell na Universidade Washington em St. Louis (Estados Unidos). A amostra foi composta por 8.125 pessoas do Brasil, Colômbia, México e Chile. O estudo utilizou um modelo linear generalizado para uma variável de desfecho binário com uma conexão logística e efeitos fixos do país. No total, 2.336 (28,75%) pessoas consideraram ter sofrido alterações na autopercepção de saúde mental. Os desempregados (OR = 1,40; IC95%: 1,24-1,58), aqueles com qualidade de vida ruim/regular (OR = 5,03; IC95%: 4,01-6,31) e aqueles com alto nível socioeconômico (OR = 1,66; IC95%: 1,41-1,96) apresentaram maior risco de alterações na autopercepção de saúde mental do que aqueles com emprego em tempo integral, excelente qualidade e baixo nível socioeconômico. De acordo com o modelo de efeitos fixos, os brasileiros que viviam no país durante a pandemia, que discordavam das decisões do governo (OR = 2,05; IC95%: 1,74-2,42) e não confiavam em seu governo (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,74-2,42) apresentaram maior risco de alterações na autopercepção de saúde mental. Quase 30% dos entrevistados indicaram que a pandemia da COVID-19 alterou sua autopercepção de saúde mental. Esse desfecho estava associado a fatores políticos, sociodemográficos e de risco à saúde. Estes achados devem ajudar os formuladores de políticas a desenvolver intervenções comunitárias pós-pandemia.

Actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguroUpdate on safe sleep recommendatios

RESUMEN La muerte súbita de un lactante puede ser de causa explicada, indeterminada -si no se investigó en forma suficiente- o inexplicada -cuando una investigación completa no permite determinar su causa-. La muerte súbita inexplicada, o síndrome de muerte súbita infantil, afecta en particular a las poblaciones más vulnerables. La muerte de estos niños que nacen con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo es la parte visible de una problemática que se origina en el embarazo. Disminuir la cantidad de niños vulnerables depende de políticas de salud y, sobre todo, de lograr mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población. Son acciones a largo plazo. Conocer a fondo los factores de riesgo que pueden desencadenar la muerte inesperada es lo que se puede hacer ya. La actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro refleja nuevos conocimientos basados en la evidencia científica y un enfoque integral de los aspectos socioculturales relacionados con esta problemática.

ABSTRACT Sudden unexpected infant death may be explained, cause by an etiology, unexplained but insufficiently investigated, or unexplained when a full investigation fails to determine the cause. Unexplained sudden death in infancy or sudden infant death syndrome particularly affects the most vulnerable populations. The death of these children who are born with alterations in their neurodevelopment is the visible part of a problem that originates in pregnancy. Reducing the number of vulnerable children depends on health policies and, above all, on improving the living conditions of the population. These are long-term actions. Knowing in depth the risk factors that can trigger unexpected death is what can be done now. The update of the recommendations on safe sleep reflects new knowledge based on scientific evidence and a comprehensive approach to the sociocultural aspects related to this problem.

Determinantes de la gestión del riesgo en salud en el Régimen Subsidiado en Colombia: estudio cualitativo

Introducción: El Régimen Subsidiado (RS) del sistema de salud colombiano tiene problemáticas estructurales que no han sido solucionadas y son pocos los estudios que profundizan en la explicación de estas. Objetivo: Explorar la experiencia en la dirección estratégica y gestión operativa y financiera de este régimen, sus aspectos operativos y de gestión del riesgo en esta población, así como las diferencias percibidas frente al Régimen Contributivo. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo. Se utilizó el análisis del discurso desde la perspectiva sociohermenéutica como técnica analítica. Se entrevistaron diez participantes, entre directivos de aseguradoras del RS y gestores del sistema de salud. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y anonimizadas, previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Emergen tres patrones discursivos que explican la gestión del riesgo en el RS y su diferenciación con el contributivo. Estos patrones se conectan por medio del rol de los determinantes sociales de la salud como ordenador principal de los procesos de salud-enfermedad y de atención en este régimen. A su vez, estas condiciones de vida son las que determinan de manera importante el perfil epidemiológico, acceso, costo de la atención y en general la forma cómo se consumen los servicios de salud por la población afiliada. Discusión: La literatura del aseguramiento en salud reporta que la gestión del riesgo es una función central y supone un ejercicio estratégico para el adecuado manejo de la siniestralidad para optimizar el uso de la Unidad de Pago por Capitación (UPC) asignada. Los hallazgos muestran que los determinantes sociales de la salud no están siendo tenidos en cuenta como ordenador para la atención, por lo tanto, la gestión del riesgo se centra en la atención de patologías en estados avanzados. Conclusiones: los actores perciben que en general, la situación de salud de los afiliados en este régimen es más grave, más complicada y con mayor carga, lo cual genera una tensión en materia de suficiencia de la unidad per cápita. Existe una ausencia discursiva sobre el rol del modelo de atención y su correlación con las necesidades de esta población.

Introduction: The subsidized regime (SR) of the Colombian health system has structural problems that have not yet been resolved and there is a lack of studies that allow the understanding of most of them. The aim of this study was to explore with stakeholders of the subsidized regime the experience about strategic, financial, and health risk management and the differences perceived with the contributory regime. Methods: A qualitative study was performed; the analytic technique used was the discourse analysis under socio-hermeneutic perspective. 10 participants were interviewed, among them directors of insurance companies of SR and health care system managers. The interviews were recorded, prior informed consent, and analyzed according to the discourse analysis. Finding: Three discursive patterns emerged that explain risk management in SR and its differentiation from contributory regime. These patterns are connected through the role of the social determinants of health as the main axis that explain the health-disease and care processes in this regimen. At the same time, these living conditions are what determine the epidemiological profile, access, cost of care and, in general, the way in which health services are consumed by the affiliated population. Discussion: The health insurance literature reports that risk management is a central function, and it is a strategic exercise for the proper management of claims to optimize the use of resources, however, the findings show that the social determinants of health are not being taken into account as a key element for healthcare organization, therefore, risk management focuses on care for pathologies in advanced stages. Conclusions: The actors perceive that the health situation in this regime is more severe, more complicated and with a greater burden disease, which generates a tension in terms of sufficiency of the Per Capita Unit. There is a discursive absence on the role of the care model and its correlation with the needs of this population.

Validación transcultural de cuestionario sobre literacidad en salud en el contexto chileno

Objetivos: Validar transculturalmente para contexto chileno, cuestionario en inglés que evalúa competencias comunicacionales empleadas por el odontólogo con sus pacientes. Métodos: Se realizaron seis etapas: traducción, panel de expertos, entrevistas cognitivas, adaptación en línea, método test y re-test, evaluando la consistencia interna y estabilidad, y retrotraducción al inglés. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y un análisis descriptivo de los ítems del cuestionario considerando la media de las puntuaciones, desviación estándar y proporción de respuestas positivas, neutras y negativas. Resultados: 70 participantes contestaron el cuestionario (42 mujeres y 28 hombres, edad promedio 38 años). Las entrevistas cognitivas y comité de expertos permitieron hacer adaptaciones a la cultura chilena. Con respecto a la consistencia interna y estabilidad del cuestionario, el valor obtenido para α-Cronbach fue mayor a 72% y λ-Guttman mayor a 81%. Para la estabilidad del cuestionario el coeficiente de correlación Spearman fue de 72% y los coeficientes de concordancia fueron mayores a 76% (valor-p<0,05). Conclusiones: El cuestionario sobre la literacidad de salud oral en el contexto chileno es válido desde la perspectiva de la adaptación transcultural y confiable desde la perspectiva de la consistencia interna y estabilidad.

Objectives: Transcultural validation of a survey in the Chilean context that assesses communication skills of dentists with patients, from English to Spanish. Methods: The process considered six stages: translation, a panel of experts, cognitive interviews, online adaptation, test and re-test practice to assess internal consistency and stability, and finally, back-translation into English. The method included the analysis of the sociodemographic variables and a descriptive analysis of the questionnaire items, considering the mean of the scores, standard deviation, and proportion of positive, neutral, and negative responses. Results: 70 participants answered the questionnaire (42 women and 28 men, average age 38 years). The cognitive interviews and the suggestions of the panel of experts allowed for some changes to better adapt to the Chilean culture. Regarding the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire, the value obtained for α-Cronbach was greater than 72% and for λ-Guttman greater than 81%. Furthermore, the Spearman correlation coefficient was 72%, and the concordance coefficients were higher than 76% (p-value <0.05). Conclusions: The questionnaire on health literacy in the Chilean context is valid from the perspective of cross-cultural adaptation and reliable from the internal consistency and stability standpoint.

Fatores associados à Infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium Tuberculosis em Profissionais de Saúde da Atenção Primária / Factors associated with latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection in primary care health professionals / Factores asociados a la Infección Latente por Mycobacterium Tuberculosis en Profesionales de Salud de Atención Primaria

Objetivo: Objetivo: analisar na literatura científica os fatores associados à infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium Tuberculosis em profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, com coleta realizada entre novembro e dezembro de 2021. Considerou-se como critérios de inclusão: Estudos primários relacionados à temática e que incluam os seguintes profissionais: enfermeiros, médicos, dentistas, técnicos de enfermagem e técnicos de saúde bucal, sem delimitação temporal e de idiomas. Foram critérios de exclusão: estudos oriundos de opiniões de especialistas, editoriais, trabalhos de conclusão de curso, monografias, dissertações e teses. As bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Medline, Scopus; Web of Science e Embase foram utilizadas. Resultados: foram selecionados nove estudos, que apresentaram os fatores associados idade, sexo e presença de doenças crônicas, estilo de vida e condições de trabalho. Conclusão: foi possível analisar os fatores associados à ILTB, o que poderá subsidiar a realização de políticas públicas mais assertivas e contribuir para o controle deste agravo.

Objective: to analyze in the scientific literature the factors associated with latent infection by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Primary Health Care professionals. Method: integrative review of the literature, with collection carried out between November and December 2021. The inclusion criteria were considered: Primary studies related to the theme and which include the following professionals: nurses, doctors, dentists, nursing technicians and oral health technicians, without time or language limitations. Exclusion criteria were: studies originating from expert opinions, editorials, course completion works, monographs, dissertations and theses. The Virtual Health Library, Medline, Scopus databases; Web of Science and Embase were used. Results: nine studies were selected, which presented factors associated with age, sex and presence of chronic diseases, lifestyle and working conditions. Conclusion: it was possible to analyze the factors associated with LTBI, which could support the implementation of more assertive public policies and contribute to the control of this problem.

Objetivo: analizar en la literatura científica los factores asociados a la infección latente por Mycobacterium Tuberculosis en profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura, con recolección realizada entre noviembre y diciembre de 2021. Se consideraron como criterios de inclusión los estudios primarios relacionados con el tema y que incluyan a los siguientes profesionales: enfermeros, médicos, odontólogos, técnicos en enfermería y técnicos en salud bucal, sin limitaciones de tiempo ni de idioma. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: estudios provenientes de opiniones de expertos, editoriales, trabajos de finalización de cursos, monografías, disertaciones y tesis. Se utilizaron para las investigaciones: Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Medline, Scopus; Web of Science y Embase. Resultados: se seleccionaron nueve estudios que presentaron factores asociados a la edad, sexo y presencia de enfermedades crónicas, estilo de vida y condiciones de trabajo. Conclusión: fue posible analizar los factores asociados a la ITBL, que podrían apoyar la implementación de políticas públicas más asertivas y contribuir al control de este problema.

Promoção da saúde à pessoa com diabetes: percepções dos profissionais da atenção primária à saúde / Health promotion for people with diabetes: perceptions of primary health care professionals / Promoción de la salud para personas con diabetes: percepciones de los profesionales de atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: identificar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde que atuam na atenção primária sobre a promoção da saúde às pessoas com Diabetes. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo pesquisa ação, por meio do Itinerário de Pesquisa de Paulo Freire, que compreende três etapas: investigação temática, codificação e descodificação e desvelamento crítico. Realizou-se um círculo de cultura em setembro de 2021 com seis profissionais de saúde de uma Unidade Básica de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Resultados: os profissionais identificaram que a saúde não é somente ausência da doença, mas envolve os determinantes sociais na vida da pessoa. Relacionam a promoção da saúde com as condições socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e equilíbrio entre ambos. Considerações finais: os profissionais ao identificarem o cuidado com base nos determinantes sociais e a promoção da saúde vislumbraram a construção de um protocolo individual de atendimento com melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas com diabetes.

Objective: to identify the perception of health professionals working in primary care about health promotion for people with diabetes. Method: qualitative study, of the action research type, through Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary, which comprises three stages: thematic investigation, codification and decoding and critical unveiling. A culture circle was held in September 2021 with six health professionals from a Basic Unit in a city in southern Brazil. Results: professionals identified that health is not just the absence of disease, but involves social determinants in a person's life. They relate health promotion with socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle and balance between both. Final considerations: when professionals identified care based on social determinants and health promotion, they envisioned building an individual care protocol with improved quality of life for people with diabetes.

Objetivo: identificar la percepción de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan en la atención primaria sobre la promoción de la salud de los pacientes con diabetes. Método: estudio cualitativo, del tipo investigación acción, a través del Itinerario de Investigación de Paulo Freire, que comprende tres etapas: investigación temática, codificación y decodificación y develamiento crítico. En septiembre de 2021, se realizó un círculo de cultura con seis profesionales de la salud de una Unidad Básica de una ciudad del sur de Brasil. Resultados: los profesionales han identificado que la salud no es sólo la ausencia de enfermedad, sino que involucra determinantes sociales en la vida de una persona. Relacionan la promoción de la salud con las condiciones socioeconómicas, el estilo de vida y el equilibrio entre ambos. Consideraciones finales: cuando los profesionales identificaron la atención basada en los determinantes sociales y la promoción de la salud, vislumbraron la construcción de un protocolo de atención individual con mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas con diabetes.